Abstract

Renewable and sustainable energy sources have become essential components in addressing global challenges such as climate change, energy security, and environmental degradation. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements, technologies, and policies in the field of renewable and sustainable energy. It covers a wide range of energy sources including solar, wind, biomass, hydropower, geothermal, and emerging technologies such as tidal and hydrogen energy. The review discusses the principles, benefits, and limitations of each energy type, emphasizing their roles in reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable development. Additionally, it evaluates energy storage solutions, grid integration challenges, and innovations in energy efficiency. The article also examines policy frameworks, economic incentives, and international collaborations that drive renewable energy adoption globally. By synthesizing current research and identifying future trends, this review aims to guide researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders in advancing the deployment of renewable and sustainable energy systems for a resilient and low-carbon future.