Abstract

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) represent a heterogeneous population of immune cells circulating in the bloodstream, including lymphocytes and monocytes, with promising potential for regenerative medicine and cellular therapies. This article explores the multi-differentiation capacity of PBMCs, highlighting their ability to differentiate into various cell lineages beyond their native immune functions. Through in vitro and in vivo studies, PBMCs have demonstrated potential to transdifferentiate into mesenchymal-like cells, endothelial cells, and even neural or hepatic-like cells under specific culture conditions and signaling cues. The mechanisms underlying this plasticity involve complex interactions of growth factors, cytokines, and microenvironmental stimuli that regulate gene expression and epigenetic modifications. The review discusses the methodologies for isolating and inducing differentiation in PBMCs, as well as their therapeutic applications in tissue repair, immunomodulation, and disease modeling. Challenges such as heterogeneity, limited proliferative capacity, and controlling differentiation pathways are also addressed. By elucidating the multi-differentiation potential of PBMCs, this article contributes to advancing their use as accessible and minimally invasive sources of progenitor cells for translational research and clinical applications in regenerative medicine.